JAPAN INNER DEFENSE ZONE HOW TO

The Inner Zone is chiefly composed of ancient granites, rocks of Paleozoic age (250 to 540 million years old), and geologically more recent volcanic rocks, which are arranged in complicated juxtaposition. The region is divided into the Inner Zone, formed by complex faulting, and the Outer Zone, formed by warping. The Southwestern Region-which includes western Honshu (Chūgoku), as well as Shikoku and northern Kyushu-generally coincides with the southwestern mountain arc, and the general trend of highlands and lowlands is roughly convex toward the Sea of Japan. The movements of these plates have formed six mountain arcs off the northeastern coast of Asia: from northeast to southwest, the Chishima Range of the Kuril Islands the Karafuto (Sakhalin) Mountain system of Hokkaido the Northeast, Southwest, and Shichito-Mariana ranges of Honshu and the Ryukyu Island formations. Most important is the subduction (sinking) of the Pacific Plate (in the north) and the Philippine Plate (in the south) beneath the Eurasian Plate, upon which Japan lies. The cause of this instability-indeed, the reason for Japan’s existence-is the tectonic movement of several of the Earth’s major crustal plates in the vicinity of the archipelago. One of the characteristics of the volcanic areas is the prevalence of calderas (large, circular, basin-shaped volcanic depressions), especially in the northeast and southwest, many of which are filled with water, such as Lakes Kutcharo, Towada, and Ashi. Conspicuous shield volcanoes (broad, gently sloping volcanic cones) are rare, and extensive lava plateaus are lacking. Many of the gigantic volcanoes are conical in shape (e.g., Mount Fuji), while others form steep lava domes (e.g., Mounts Dai and Unzen). The country’s abundant hot springs are mostly of volcanic origin. Among the major eruptions since 1980 are those of Mounts O (1983) and Mihara (1986) in the Izu Islands and Mount Unzen (1991) in Kyushu. Volcanoes born since 1900 include Shōwa Volcano on Hokkaido and Myōjin Rock off the Beyoneisu (or Bayonnaise) Rocks in the Pacific. Violent volcanic eruptions occur frequently, and at least 60 volcanoes have been active within historical time. The country experiences some 1,000 tremors annually, most of them minor, though major quakes-as in Tokyo-Yokohama in 1923 and Kōbe in 1995-cause considerable loss of life and widespread destruction. Japan is one of the world’s most geologically unstable areas. Political reform in the bakufu and the han.

The establishment of the Muromachi bakufu.

The Kemmu Restoration and the dual dynasties.

The Muromachi (or Ashikaga) period (1338–1573).

Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence.

The establishment of warrior government.

The idealized government of Prince Shōtoku.

Yamato decline and the introduction of Buddhism.

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JAPAN INNER DEFENSE ZONE HOW TO

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Japan inner defense zone